ĭuring the Meiji Restoration of 1868 the history of Japanese architecture was radically changed by two important events. At first it was an architectural style for the villas of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and court nobles, but in the Edo period (1683–1807) it was applied to ryōtei (Japanese-style restaurants) and chashitsu, and later it was also applied to residences. In the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600), sukiya-zukuri style villas appeared under the influence of a tea house called chashitsu. The introduction of the tea ceremony emphasised simplicity and modest design as a counterpoint to the excesses of the aristocracy. Its characteristics were that sliding doors called fusuma and paper windows called shōji were fully adopted, and tatami mats were laid all over the room. This style had a lasting influence on later Japanese architectural styles and became the basis of modern Japanese houses. Īs the samurai class gained power in the Kamakura period (1185–1333), the shinden-zukuri style changed, and in the Muromachi period (1333–1573), the shoin-zukuri style appeared. Its features are an open structure with few walls that can be opened and closed with doors, shitomi and sudare, a structure in which shoes are taken off to enter the house on stilts, and sitting or sleeping directly on tatami mats without using chairs and beds. The shinden-zukuri style, which was the architectural style of the residences of nobles in this period, showed the distinct uniqueness of Japanese architecture and permanently determined the characteristics of later Japanese architecture. In 894 during the Heian period (794–1185), Japan abolished kentōshi (Japanese missions to Tang China) and began to distance itself from Chinese culture, and a culture called Kokufu bunka (lit., Japanese culture) which was suited to the Japanese climate and aesthetic sense flourished. Its checkerboard street layout used the Chinese capital of Chang'an as a template for its design. Influence from the Chinese Sui and Tang dynasties led to the foundation of the first permanent capital in Nara. The introduction of Buddhism in Japan during the sixth century was a catalyst for large-scale temple building using complicated techniques in wood. Influence from Han dynasty China via Korea saw the introduction of more complex grain stores and ceremonial burial chambers. The earliest Japanese architecture was seen in prehistoric times in simple pit-houses and stores adapted to the needs of a hunter-gatherer population. Since the 19th century, however, Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into construction and design, and is today a leader in cutting-edge architectural design and technology. People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century. Sliding doors ( fusuma) and other traditional partitions were used in place of walls, allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions. Japanese architecture ( 日本建築, Nihon kenchiku) has been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. The result is a rapid transport system that is affordable and attractive enough to draw significant numbers of auto users reducing congestion and CO2 emissions.Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto, originally built in 1397 ( Muromachi period) Quantitative and qualitative attributes are considered. This study also explores connectivity on two example lines in Auckland, New Zealand, within a Sk圜abs network and to other modes of transport. Architectural and engineering aspects of eight-seater cabs, cab frequency, stations, and lines are described. This two-way monobeam is detailed, including ease of building through cities and low construction cost. Congestion can be alleviated by transferring passenger transport onto elevated solutions such as the presented Elevated Small Group Automated Rapid Transit (ESGART) Sk圜abs system, which straddles the gap between Group Rapid Transit (GRT) and Personal Rapid Transit (PRT). As cities grow vertically and horizontally, they form three-dimensional mazes requiring special transport design solutions that enhance the city. This study investigates reasons for this. Proposed passenger transport projects have been cancelled in major cities, and completed projects have not attracted the private motorist. Due to increased motorcar popularity, public transport use has declined while congestion costs billions in wasted time, fuel, accidents, air and water pollution.
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